- Gained for basic rights:
- freedom - live in town for a year and day, become free
- exemption - won the right to not ever have to work on the manor
- town justice - leading citizens tried cases that involved townspeople
- commercial priveleges - sell goods freely in town market and charge tolls for outsiders who wanted to trade there
- Merchant guild - had sole right to trade in their town
- Craft guilds - skilled workers coming together
- Apprentice - could take five to nine years, trained to do that job
- Journeyman - skilled worker who was paid wages by a master
- Merchants andmaster workers became the middle class
- The cities in the middle ages were dirty, unsafe, dark, and unhealthy.
- No streetlights or police.
- Waste was dumped into open gutters, so diseases spread quickly.
- Black Death began in 1347 and swept through Europe.
- Black rats carried the disease on ships and it spread from bites by fleas on the rat.
- About 25 million people died from it, about 1/3 of the population
Section 4
- vernacular languages - everyday speech that varied from place to place
- troubadors - traveling singers
- fabliaux - short comic stories in rhymed verse
- Dante Alighieri and Geoffrey Chaucer - medieval writers
- scholasticism - attempt to bring faith together
- Peter Abelard - important philosopher of scholasticism
- Thomas Aquinas - greatest medieval philosopher
- Gothic - new architecture of church
Section 5
- Hundred Years' War - from 1337-1453
- between England and France
- In 1455, the York and Lancaster families start the War of the Roses
- Henry Tudor - won the war
- defeated King Richard III of York
- Joan of Arc helped Charled VII of Orleans be crowned King of France
- Louis XI followed Charled VII in King of France.
- Spain became a united nation in 1479 under Ferdinand of Argon and Isabella of Castile.
- Spain was robbed with many of its leaders in industry and trade
- The Habsburg ruled a small state in what is now Switzerland
- In 1273, a member of the Habsburg family became emperor
- Over time, they became the most powerful family in Europe
No comments:
Post a Comment