Crusades

CAUSE
Seljuq Turks gained control of Palestine in late 1000s
Turks went to attack Asia Minor
Pope Urban II was called for help
Meeting was held in Clermont, France in 1905
Crusades - a series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Land
People sewed a cross of cloth on their clothes to support
They were called crusaders

THE FIRST CRUSADE
Lasted from 1096 to 1099
French & Italian lords led several armies of crusaders from Europe to Constantinople
They wore wool and leather garments with heaver armor
Had few pack animals to carry supplies
Went to capture city of Antioch
Their main target was Jerusalem
The crusaders captured Jerusalem
They slaughtered its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants
This brought much of The Holy Land under European control
Crusaders set up four small states
Subdivided land into fiefs with lords and vassals
The Christians and Muslims grew to respect each other

THE SECOND CRUSADE
By 1146 the Turks had united their forces
Started taking cities back
Started in 1147
King Louis VII of France and German king Conrad IIIled armies across Europe
The two joined forces
They failed to recapture the city

THE THIRD CRUSADE
In 1187 the Muslim leader Saladin gained control of Jerusalem
Led by Frederick Barbarossa, King Philip II, and KingRichard I
Lasted from 1189 to 1192
This failed too

THE FOURTH CRUSADE
Pope Innocent III gathered French knights
Left in 1202
Venetians pesued to attack Zadar
Attacked and looted Constantinople in 1204
Venetians gained control of Byzantine trade
Byzantine regained city after 60 years
Collapsed in 1453


OTHER CRUSADES
The Children's Crusade was in 1212
Young people decided to regain the Holy Land for Christian Europe
The pope sent some back home
Some reached southern France where they were tricked into getting on boats to go into slavery
Continued until 1291


RESULTS
All the crusades failed except the first
In the end, the Muslims controlled Palestine
Weapons and Warfare
The weapon of choice was the crossbow
Arrow was called a bolt
Leared how to undermine walls and use catapults to throw rocks
Learned about gunpowder from the Muslims
Political Changes
Lords sold land to raise money
Without land, they had no power in feudal system
Power of Eurpoean king grew stronger
Brought an end to feudalism
The Christian church became more powerful
Ideas and Trade
Crusaders gained knowledge from Byzantines and Muslims
Italian cities became major trading centers
Ships from Italian cities carried crusaders to the Holy Land
Ships came back loaded with foods from Southwest Asia
Europeans began buying apricots, lemons, melons, rice, and sugar